DISEASES OF TREES: PHOTOS AND NAMES

Even novice gardeners know that new growths that have appeared on fruit or ornamental crops, spotting and any other defects of non-mechanical origin indicate the development of diseases. How to recognize progressive pathogens and correctly choose the means of combating them, we will tell further in the article with a detailed description of the name and photo of the most common diseases of trees.

Phytopathogenic mushrooms

Having lost the tendency to photosynthesis, these imperfect representatives of lower vegetation feed on other plants. Their spores are single or multicellular organisms with features of flora and fauna.

Did you know? For the year, each tree produces about 113 kg of oxygen. According to scientists, two mature plants will be quite enough to meet the annual needs in the clean air of a family of four.

The fungus penetrates the trunk through cracks in the bark and grows there, penetrating into the wood. Naturally, from such a parasitic neighbor, the owner is sick and dying. This happens because the mushroom that does not have chlorophyll sucks all organic matter out of the tree.

The vital activity of phytopathogenic fungi is reflected in the state of the fruit culture. Depending on the lesion, a root, stem, or cervical rot can begin on the tree. Also, the infection can be manifested on the foliage and buds in the form of spotting, sores or plaque of various shapes. Moreover, the color of these areas varies from red-brown to black. A characteristic feature of these organisms is the ability to grow vegetatively. But none of the methods of distribution will not work without the participation of moisture. It is its abundance that contributes to the intensive progression of infection. Therefore, from many fungal diseases of fruit trees can be protected by competent soil moistening.

Important! When buying chemicals, be sure to pay attention to the presence of branded holograms on the packaging, as well as instructions for use. These are the first signs of genuine goods.

Consider the popular diseases of fruit trees with a description and photo, and also analyze the methods of their treatment:

Anthracnose - appears in the conditions of dampness and heat. It is provoked by various types of phytopathogenic fungi, including members of the genus Colletotrichum. It manifests itself on the trunk, branches and leaves of fruit crops in the form of dark lumpy sores with clear edges. As they develop, they creep wide and deep, forming solid necrotic areas.

Monilioz - appears as a result of vital activity of ascomycetes. Their development contributes to high temperature and humidity. You can understand the development of fungi by the sudden appearance of a brown color and the drying of buds. First of all, annual shoots are prone to infection. As a rule, brown blurred spots are noticeable on them, and fungus-infected fruits have an unpleasant alcoholic aftertaste.

Scab - is the biggest threat to fruit and berry crops. It is accompanied by fungi that penetrate the buds of young shoots and spread throughout the aerial parts of trees and bushes. A clear symptom of the disease is a greenish-brown plaque that passes from the leaves to the fruit.

Learn about scab control on pears, apples, potatoes.

Mealy dew - characterized by a light bloom on the leaves and young branches. In advanced cases, it causes curvature of the leaf plates, their fading and premature falling off. Infected fruits acquire unnatural pubescence. Many novice gardeners take it for dust. The main causes of pathogens are poor ventilation, low temperature and high humidity.

Familiarize yourself with how to deal with powdery mildew on apples, cucumbers, tomatoes, petunias, houseplants, currants, roses, violets, grapes.

Rot - can be black, mold or fruit. In any case, its pathogens are dangerous fungi, which are spread by insects and rainwater. Getting on the tree, they penetrate into the fruit and continue to progress in them even after the harvest.

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To prevent fungal diseases of fruit trees and the first stage of their treatment, it is important to control the amount of moisture in pristvolnyh circles of garden trees. Do not overfill them, because such actions always end in failure. At the first symptoms of the development of pathogens, immediately remove all the affected areas and burn them.

Then spray the tree with fungicidal preparations (Aliett, Antrakol, Consento, Skor, Previkur Energy, Meli DUO, and Teldor). Prepare the working solution following the manufacturers recommendations, and do not forget to take into account the allowable time of treatments before harvesting. Repeated sprinkling recommended after 15-30 days. To prevent fungal infections, experts advise every spring to spray fruit trees with a one-percent solution of copper sulfate.

Bacterial

Bacteria, like most fungi, are unicellular microorganisms without chlorophyll. Therefore, their food is due to infected cultures. The causative agents of bacterial diseases penetrate into the vegetation through various kinds of mechanical damage on the trunks and foliage.

That is why professionals insist on disinfecting inventory and careful treatment of sections after pruning. Plants with whole tissue infection can not hit.

Did you know? Some bacteria easily tolerate severe frosts and can winter over several seasons. In summer, at temperatures above +25WITH and high humidity, their reproduction increases a hundredfold.

On fruit and berry cultures, bacteria often manifest themselves as sulfur and wet rot, necrosis, and the worst of all ailments - a bacterial burn.

Microbe carriers can be gardening people, wind, hail and insects. It is worth considering: excess fertilizer often contributes to the weakening of the culture, which makes it sensitive to all sorts of infections. The same effect occurs when the trees are not fertilized.

Bacteria very often attack apples, pears, peaches, apricots, cherries, cherries and plums. With examples of apples and pears that are the most sensitive of all fruit crops, consider the photos and symptoms of common diseases, as well as ways to combat them:

Bacterial burn - is one of the most serious diseases caused by microorganisms Erwinia amylovora Winslow et al. Due to their vital activity, a whitish exudate is released from the affected bark areas. The wind pulls it into a thin web, carrying it across the garden and beyond. On trees, the disease first of all affects the apical inflorescences, and then the foliage, young shoots and bark. You can notice the problem on the darkened and faded buds that do not crumble. The same picture is observed during the ripening of the crop. The top blackens at first, and then bent. In this situation, the plant can be helped only by removing the affected branches. You should immediately inform your plant protection and quarantine authorities about your suspicions about the symptoms of a bacterial burn.

Bacteriosis - It appears dead and cracked areas of bark, as well as shallow leakiness on the leaves and marsh spots on the fruit. As the disease progresses, the bark falls, the branches die off, and lingering secretions follow from the foci of infection.

Important! To prevent bacterial diseases of fruit and berry crops, take timely measures to combat harmful insects. Bacteria are faithful companions of spider mites, thrips and aphids. You can get rid of them with the help of insecticides (Bi-58. New, Aktara, Aktellik).

The insidiousness of bacterial diseases lies in the fact that agrochemistry is powerless against them. The only methods of struggle is to remove the affected areas. Experts advise to cut the branches with foci to the very base and be sure to gloss over the cuts with garden pitch or paint. In no case should the grass growing around diseased trees be thrown into a compost pile.

Anything that may carry a hazard must be burned away from the garden. Also, do not forget to weed the weeds on time and remove fallen leaves.

Viral

The causative agents of this group of diseases are microorganisms devoid of cellular structure. They are spread by sucking pests, entering into tissue fibers and blood vessels. Once inside, viruses begin to parasitize. As a result, trees do not give growth, develop poorly and are characterized by poor productivity.

Important! The prerequisite for viral infection are wounds formed during a storm, strong wind and hail. In such cases, it is important to disinfect the affected areas and treat with garden pitch.

Symptoms of ailments are very different depending on the viral group, the genetic characteristics of the plant, its type and even variety. For example, leaves on infected trees can curl, stretch, change shape and structure. Often they have a noticeable yellowish streaking or spotting.

Sometimes uneven patterning goes to the petals of the inflorescences. Defects from the development of viruses can be observed on the bulbs, rhizome, sprouts and fruits.

Most often gardeners have to deal with:

Mosaic - manifests itself in different ways, depending on the strain and the external environment. In most cases, contrasting spots of irregularly shaped chloride character appear on the foliage. With severe infections on the bark and fruit necrotic streaking is noticeable.

Wood veneer - characterized by long grooves on the trunk in the area of budding. You can notice this defect only by removing a portion of the cortex. According to external signs, the diseased sapling is developing poorly and does not give an increase. The causative agent of the disease has not yet been established. Apple, pear, quince are prone to the disease.
Panicles - represents the growths on the branches of trees in the form of panicles. They develop as a result of the introduction of pathogens into the "host" tissue fibers. As a result, there is a violation of metabolic processes, sap flow and the culture gradually dies. Among the causes of the experts called the lack of nutrients in the soil, poor aeration, lighting. The peculiarity of this non-infectious disease is the inability to be transmitted to healthy plants.

Important! Dahlias, primroses and delphiniums should not be planted near fruit trees, as these ornamental crops are very sensitive to viral infections.

Diseases of this group are very difficult to treat. In addition, there are no special antiviral chemicals. In most cases, the affected areas are removed from the primed specimens, followed by disinfection of the sections. And in advanced cases, trees are subject to complete destruction.

For prophylaxis, experienced gardeners are advised to monitor garden hygiene. Remove weeds, prevent the development of colonies of pests and ants, competently make feeding. Do not interfere with immunoassays.

Cancer

This group of botanists includes diseases that are characterized by the development of tissue growths. They are formed as a result of improper cell division at the site of gutting cuts, cracks and other wounds surrounded by surges. Such formations can affect the roots, stems and branches.

The reasons for their formation, many experts call various fungi, bacteria, sudden temperature changes, as well as mechanical damage.

Important! Experts do not advise taking cuttings for breeding from fruit-berry crops that were sick with cancer. This applies even to cured specimens. The fact is that the disease remains at the genetic level and can manifest itself over the years.

Among the most dangerous and most common diseases of fruit crops, experts point out:

Black cancer - It appears as a result of the vital activity of the fungus Sphaeropsis malorum, which affects the leaves, fruits and bark. The disease begins with reddish spotting on the leaf plates, which appears immediately after their disclosure. Over time, the points turn brown, grow and move to the fruit. Affected foliage crumbles prematurely, and the tree produces a meager and poor-quality crop. A particular threat is the disease for older apples and pears.

Root cancer (zobovatost) - it is promoted by mechanical damage on the trunks of fruit crops. Having found themselves on fabric fibers, pathogenic bacteria begin to develop and move to the root system. From a lack of nutrients, plants die.

Ordinary cancer - distributed on the trunk, skeletal branches and sprouts of the second order. Rarely goes to the fruit. It is expressed in the form of non-healing ulcers.

Frost cancer - arises from cracks formed during the wintering period on the bark, often develops accompanied by trunk rot.

Important! Young fruit tree seedlings are more resistant to cancer than mature specimens.

It is quite realistic to cure a tree of cancer, provided an immediate reaction is made in the early stages of the disease. First of all, you need to get rid of the affected branches and putrefactive fruits.

Each cut must additionally capture several centimeters of live wood. This will prevent relapse. At the end of the procedure, it is desirable to treat all the wounds with a 3% solution of copper sulfate. Then be sure to clean up the cancerous sores and close up the hollow. Every spring and autumn it is important to disinfect the trunks of the affected cultures with lime.

Necrotic

The development of these diseases contribute to adverse climatic conditions. Often it is a long drought and severe frosts. In the struggle for survival, a weakened tree can no longer withstand the attacks of pathogens. Often, necrosis also joins bacterial and viral infections. Their symptoms can occur on different tissue layers of the trunk: the bark, bast, cambium. Extensive and deep wounds open on the affected areas of wood, which adversely affect the general condition of the plant. From the onset of the disease to his death may take several years.

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Gardeners often encounter the following necrosis:

Nectrium - Its pathogens are the microorganisms Tubercularia vulgaris Tode.

Cytosporosis - resulting from the appearance of fungi of the genus Cytospora.
Clitris - it is provoked by microscopic organisms Clithis guercina Rehm.

Chances to save the green wards are still there. To do this, remove all damaged areas, if necessary, cut off the diseased skeletal branches. After these manipulations, sections are recommended to be disinfected with any of the following drugs: Benlat, Bayleton, copper oxychloride, Fundazol, Topsin. It will not be superfluous to sprinkle the entire crown with fungicides.

We hope that this information about common diseases of plums, apples, pears, stone fruits, as well as the above photos will help you recognize the pathogens attacking them and choose the right treatment methods. Do not forget that the most proper prevention is competent agricultural techniques.